Manufacturer	Model	Language/OS	Standard RAM	Donated by* see note	Market Rate Hi/Lo CAD\$
Apple	Apple IIc	Apple DOS	64kb	Irene Loy	40/20
	MP 100	Newton O/S 1.0
	MP 110	Newton O/S 1.3	1MB
	MP 120/130	Newton O/S 2.0	2MB(?)
	MP 2000/2100	Newton O/S 2.0	5MB		700USD
Atari	Portfolio	MS DOS			150/25
Casio	FX 702P	Basic	1KB	James Hung(D)  Irene Loy(D)	30/0
	FX 730P	Basic	8KB	James Hung	30/0
	FX 790	Basic			30/0
	FX 795				30/0
	FX 801	Basic			45/0
	FX 802P	Basic			NA
	FX 850P	Basic	8KB	Chris Choy	10
	PB 700	Basic	2KB	James Hung	50/10
Citizen	PN 48	Printer		Chris Choy	120/80
Dauphin	DTR-1	MS DOS/Windows		Chris Choy	280/200
	DTR-2	MS DOS/Windows			2200USD New
Fujitsu	Stylistic 500	MS DOS/Windows	4MB		405/280USD
	Stylistic 1000	MS DOS/Windows	8MB	Jon Webb(A)	750/625USD
Grid	Compass	Grid/MS DOS	640kb+	AST Computers	NA
Hewlett Packard	HP 41B				NA
	HP 71			James Hung	20/0
	HP 75C	BASIC	16KB	Kurt Olsen(D)	NA
	HP 85A				NA
NEC	Prospeed 486SX/C	MS DOS/Windows	4MB	James Hung	NA
Other Interesting Stuff	Casio CP-9 Copy Pen	None		Chris Choy	NA
Sharp	Z-HC1 Handy Copier	None		Rene DeJong	NA
Quadmark	Passport Portable copier	None		Jim Haun(A)	NA
Seiko	LVD TV Watch	None		Chris Choy	NA
Seiko	Memo Diary Watch	None		Pete Graylish	NA
Panasonic	RL H1400	SNAP	4KB	Chris Choy	11/0
	RL H1800	SNAP	8KB	Chris Choy	11/11
	Extension Tray			Allstate Insurance	NA
	RL-P1004A	Printer and Cassette Interface		Chris Choy	10/10
Sharp	PC 1211	Basic	1KB		20/10
	PC 1245	Basic	2KB		NA
	PC 1246	Basic	2KB	James Hung	15/0
	PC 1247	Basic	4KB	James Hung(P)	15/0
	PC 1251				NA
	PC 1360	Basic
	PC 1500	Basic	2KB	Chris Choy(D)/James Hung(P)	100/10
	PC 1600	Basic		Steve Carlozzi - SMC Electronics(P)	120/15
	PC E200				NA
	PC E500				NA
	PC E500S				NA
	PC V550				NA
	PC 3000/3100	MS DOS 3.30	1MB/2MB	Rene DeJong(D)  Mike Stute(A)	279/150
	OZ 8000	Organizer with BASIC Card	64k	Steve Carlozzi - SMC Electronics(P)	80/30
	CE 122	Dot Matrix Printer and Cassette Interface		James Hung	15/15
	CE 140	Colour Printer and Cassette Interface		Chris Choy	30/30
	CE 150	Printer/Plotter and Cassette Interface		Chris Choy	50/10
Sinclair	ZX81	Basic	16KB	Erick Adam(A)	5/0
Tandy	PC 1	Basic		Michael Schuster(D)  James Moy(A)	25/5
	PC 2	Basic	2KB	Fred Heald(D)  Chris Choy	45/0
	PC 3				NA
	PC 4	Basic	1.5kb	Gerald Krug	NA
	PC 5				NA
	PC 6	Basic	8K	James Hung	NA
	PC 7	Basic	1.5KB	Richard Johnson(D)	25/0
	PC 8				NA
	Tandy 100				200/35
	Tandy 200				140/10
	PC 1 Printer	Printer and Cassette interface		James Moy(A)	10/10
	PC 2 Printer	Printer and Cassette interface		Fred Heald(D)  Dave Bengtson(P)	30/0
	PC3 Printer	Printer and cassette interface		Chris Choy	15/0
	PC4 Printer	Printer for PC4/6 and Casio FX-702/730 series Pocket Computers	Thermal 20Chars/line 1 line second	James Hung	NA
	PC4 Cassette Interface	Cassette Interface for PC4/6 and Casio FX-702/730 series pocket computers		James Hung	NA
Texas Instruments	TI 74 Basicalc	Basic	8KB	Chris Choy	115/55
	TI Compact Computer 40	Basic	8KB		NA

 

*Note:

D or NO letter beside name  = Donated

A = We Purchased From

P= Partial Donation (I had to pay for something, shipping is not counted)

1. More info and pictures.  This is an on going goal.  I have found getting information on these units a real pain in the rear.  Most companies really don't give a hoot about product over 10 years old!
2. Fancy features for the WEB page. I'm still learning, this is my first WEB page!
3. On-line manuals are coming!  We are currently trying to get permission from the respective copyright holders to publish their operations and owner's manuals on the WEB.
4. Software Download.  I am in the process of setting up Software up and downloads.  If you have any old Apps please mail them to me for now.
5. Acquisition of additional units of broader variety.  This I would love to do.  But as time marches on, some of the older systems are harder to find.  Just try finding a Working Grid Compass!  Also,  due to costs, I often have to pass on items.  Remember I don't get paid for this and all expenses are out of pocket.  So if you can DONATE something you will get credit for it.  I don't mind picking up the shipping!

A brief history of the development of BASIC

Read here about the past of our favourite language....

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BASIC (standing for Beginner's All Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) is a system developed at Dartmouth College in 1964 under the directory of J. Kemeny and T. Kurtz. It was implemented for the G.E.225. It was meant to be a very simple language to learn and also one that would be easy to translate. Furthermore, the designers wished it to be a stepping-stone for students to learn on of the more powerful languages such as FORTRAN or ALGOL.

From "Programming languages: History and fundamentals" by Jean E. Sammet.

---

Daniel P. Hudson writes:

Bill Gates and Paul Allen had something different in mind. In the 1970's when M.I.T.S.'s Altair personal computer was being conceived Allen convinced Gates to help him develop a Basic Language for it. When M.I.T.S. answered with interest, The future of BASIC and the PC began. Gates was attending Harvard at the time and Allen was a Honeywell employee. Allen and Gates licensed their BASIC to M.I.T.S. for the Altair. This version took a total of 4K memory including the code and data used for a source code.

Gates and Allen then ported Basic to other various platforms and moved back to their hometown of Seattle where they had attended grade school together. It was at this time that the Microsoft Corporation began it's reign in the PC world. By the late 70's, BASIC had been ported to platforms such as the Apple, Commodore and Atari computers and now it was time for Bill Gates's DOS which came with a Basic interpreter. The IBM-DOS version of this interpreter became known as BASICA, and at the time IBM was in major competition with clones so it was setup to require the BIOS distributed with IBM computers. The version distributed with MS-DOS was GW-BASIC and ran on any machine that could run DOS. There were no differences between BASIC-A and GW-BASIC which seems to make IBM's idea useless.

Microsoft realized just how popular their BASIC interpreter was and decided to distribute a compiler so users could code programs that ran without an interpreter. QuickBasic was the solution Microsoft came up with. It was distributed on through the years until version 4.5. At this time Microsoft decided to release a product with more kick and started distributing PDS BASIC (Professional Development System) and ended it with version 7.1 (Also called QuickBasic Extended), PDS was a short lived idea and was not followed through to its true capabilities. [Though it was an improvement over QB4.5]. Microsoft got hooked on GUI's and started Visual Basic both a DOS and WIN version. The DOS version was ended at 1.0 with a professional update, Differences between VB for DOS and QB are not as much as one might think, in fact VB still compiles QB4.5 code and the professional edition will compile PDS7.1 Code. One last thing: PDS will compile to true OS/2 Code, VB-DOS Pro/std and QB4.5 will not.

Somewhere in the midst of all this a gentleman named Robert S. Zale had realized more of the Potential Basic was capable of and designed his own Compiler. Borland Inc. snatched this up and distributed it as TurboBasic, but Mr. Zale was soon to distribute his product on his own. It is now called PowerBasic and is up to version 3.1. PowerBasic is one of the more Powerful Compilers on the market and adds the idea of unsigned Variables along with Inline Assembly Language Code and several other nice additions to the Basic language. PB Inc. has also announced they will distribute an OS/2 version of PB and possibly a windows version, but claim they won't abandon their DOS users.

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2/3/76 Bill Gates is one of the first programmers to raise the issue of software piracy. In his "An Open Letter to Hobbyists," first published in MITS newsletter "Computer Notes" and later in several other newsletters and magazines), Gates accuses hobbyists of stealing software and thus preventing "...good software from being written." "If you are STILL using Altair BASIC 1.1, you have a copy that was stolen in March 1975!" He prophetically concludes with the line, "...Nothing would please me more than being able to hire ten programmers and deluge the hobby market with good software." 7/1/76 Microsoft refines and enhances BASIC to sell to other customers including DTC, General Electric, NCR, and Citibank. 4/4/79 Microsoft 8080 BASIC is the first microprocessor product to win the ICP Million Dollar Award. Traditionally dominated by software for mainframe computers, this recognition is indicative of the growth and acceptance of the PC industry. http://www.thocp.net/companies/microsoft/microsoft_company.htm html character sets http://www.unicode.org/Public/UNIDATA/ --------------------------------------------- http://www2.asub.arknet.edu/wade/pc-4.htm PC-4 Manual The original BASIC language was invented in 1964 by John Kemeny (1926–93) and Thomas Kurtz (1928–) at Dartmouth College and implemented by a team of Dartmouth students under their direction. In the following years, as other dialects of BASIC appeared, Kemeny and Kurtz' original BASIC dialect became known as Dartmouth BASIC. BASIC was designed to allow students to write programs using time-sharing computer terminals. BASIC was intended to address the complexity issues of older languages with a new language designed specifically for the new class of users the time-sharing systems allowed — that is, a "simpler" user who was not as interested in speed as in simply being able to use the machine. The eight design principles of BASIC were: Be easy for beginners to use Be a general-purpose programming language Allow advanced features to be added for experts (while keeping the language simple for beginners) Be interactive Provide clear and friendly error messages Respond fast for small programs Not require an understanding of computer hardware Shield the user from the operating system The language was based partly on FORTRAN II and partly on ALGOL 60, with additions to make it suitable for timesharing and, later, text processing and matrix arithmetic. BASIC was first implemented on the GE-265¹ mainframe which supported multiple terminals. Contrary to popular belief, it was a compiled language at the time of its introduction. Several years after its release, highly-respected computer professionals, notably Edsger W. Dijkstra, expressed their opinions that the use of goto statements, which existed in many languages including BASIC, promoted poor programming practices. Some also derided BASIC as too slow and too simple.² Nevertheless, the designers of the language decided that it should remain in the public domain in order to help it spread. They also made it available to high schools in the Dartmouth area and spent a considerable amount of effort in promoting the language. As a result, knowledge of BASIC became relatively widespread for a computer language and BASIC was implemented by a number of manufacturers, and became fairly popular on newer minicomputers like the DEC PDP series and the Data General Nova. In these instances the language tended to be implemented as an interpreter instead of a compiler, or alternately, both were supplied. However, it was the introduction of the Altair 8800 microcomputer in 1975 that truly spread BASIC. Most programming languages were too large to fit in the small memory most users could afford on these machines, and with the slow storage on paper tape (or later audio cassette tape: disks of any kind were not available at any price for some years) and the lack of suitable text editors, a small language like BASIC was a good fit. BASIC also had the advantage that it was fairly well known to the young designers who took an interest in microcomputers at the time as a result of Kemeny and Kurtz's earlier proselytizing. One of the first to appear for this machine was Tiny BASIC, a simple BASIC implementation originally written by Dr. Li-Chen Wang, and then ported onto the Altair by Dennis Allison at the request of Bob Albrecht (who later founded Dr. Dobb's Journal). The Tiny BASIC design and the full source code were published in 1976 in DDJ. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASIC_programming_language#Birth_and_early_years http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tandy_Pocket_Computer 1983: Radio Shack introduces the TRS-80 Pocket Computer, Model PC-4, replacing the PC-1, for US$70. http://pocket.free.fr/html/tandy/pc-4_e.html http://www.pisi.com.pl/piotr433/programs.htm

Some other facts:

• The first Basic considered to be a full language implemented on a microprocessor (intel 8080) was Li Chen Wang's "Tiny Basic", which appeared in Dr. Dobbs.

  Definition Below by GDK,REJECTED by WIKIPEDIA.ORG

  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiny_Basic

  "Tiny BASIC is a set of computer tools that started the software writing (programming) business. Any software written in Tiny basic language could be copyrighted. Books were written that contained programs that are still in use today because the electronic means used to execute,(run) those programs hasn't changed at all. Few if any programmers actually copyrighted their software in those days but those that did were true visionaries considering the fact that computers are a large part of life today."

• Basic was the first product sold by Microsoft corporation, and also the first major case of software piracy - It was copied widely even before Microsoft made it available (Bill Gates lost track of a copy on paper tape during a computer show).

• The name "BASIC" may have come directly or indirectly from the science of human languages. Before the second world war, C. K. Ogden wrote a series called "Basic English". This was a list of 850 English words which would serve to describe any other word in English (perhaps by using more than one).

---

These books are written by the inventors of the Basic language:

• "TRUE BASIC - MAC", by KEMENY/KURTZ, ADDISON-WESLEY, ISBN 0201157128

• "STRUCTURED BASIC PROGRAMMING", KEMENY/KURTZ, WILEY & SONS, ISBN 0471810878

---

The BASIC language is described in these standards:

• ANSI Standard for Minimal BASIC (X3.60-1978)

• ANSI Standard for Full BASIC (X3.113-1987)

• ISO Standard for Minimal BASIC (ISO 6373:1984 Data processing - Programming languages - Minimal BASIC)

• ISO Standard for Full BASIC (ISO/IEC 10279:1991 Information technology - Programming languages - Full BASIC)

http://www2.asub.arknet.edu/wade/pc-4.htm PC-4 Manual The original BASIC language was invented in 1964 by John Kemeny (1926–93) and Thomas Kurtz (1928–) at Dartmouth College and implemented by a team of Dartmouth students under their direction. In the following years, as other dialects of BASIC appeared, Kemeny and Kurtz' original BASIC dialect became known as Dartmouth BASIC. BASIC was designed to allow students to write programs using time-sharing computer terminals. BASIC was intended to address the complexity issues of older languages with a new language designed specifically for the new class of users the time-sharing systems allowed — that is, a "simpler" user who was not as interested in speed as in simply being able to use the machine. The eight design principles of BASIC were: Be easy for beginners to use Be a general-purpose programming language Allow advanced features to be added for experts (while keeping the language simple for beginners) Be interactive Provide clear and friendly error messages Respond fast for small programs Not require an understanding of computer hardware Shield the user from the operating system The language was based partly on FORTRAN II and partly on ALGOL 60, with additions to make it suitable for timesharing and, later, text processing and matrix arithmetic. BASIC was first implemented on the GE-265¹ mainframe which supported multiple terminals. Contrary to popular belief, it was a compiled language at the time of its introduction. Several years after its release, highly-respected computer professionals, notably Edsger W. Dijkstra, expressed their opinions that the use of goto statements, which existed in many languages including BASIC, promoted poor programming practices. Some also derided BASIC as too slow and too simple.² Nevertheless, the designers of the language decided that it should remain in the public domain in order to help it spread. They also made it available to high schools in the Dartmouth area and spent a considerable amount of effort in promoting the language. As a result, knowledge of BASIC became relatively widespread for a computer language and BASIC was implemented by a number of manufacturers, and became fairly popular on newer minicomputers like the DEC PDP series and the Data General Nova. In these instances the language tended to be implemented as an interpreter instead of a compiler, or alternately, both were supplied. However, it was the introduction of the Altair 8800 microcomputer in 1975 that truly spread BASIC. Most programming languages were too large to fit in the small memory most users could afford on these machines, and with the slow storage on paper tape (or later audio cassette tape: disks of any kind were not available at any price for some years) and the lack of suitable text editors, a small language like BASIC was a good fit. BASIC also had the advantage that it was fairly well known to the young designers who took an interest in microcomputers at the time as a result of Kemeny and Kurtz's earlier proselytizing. One of the first to appear for this machine was Tiny BASIC, a simple BASIC implementation originally written by Dr. Li-Chen Wang, and then ported onto the Altair by Dennis Allison at the request of Bob Albrecht (who later founded Dr. Dobb's Journal). The Tiny BASIC design and the full source code were published in 1976 in DDJ. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASIC_programming_language#Birth_and_early_years http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tandy_Pocket_Computer http://pocket.free.fr/html/tandy/pc-4_e.html http://www.pisi.com.pl/piotr433/programs.htm Index wersja polska -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Casio FX-700P - data formats Character set

Casio FX-700P - data formats

Character set

Code of the "space" character is $00.

Code of the "space" character is $00. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- BASIC tokens $80 SIN $90 LEN( $A0 FOR $B0 VAC $C0 DEFM $81 COS $91 VAL( $A1 NEXT $B1 SET $C1 SAVE $82 TAN $92 MID( $A2 GOTO $B2 PUT $C2 LOAD $83 ASN $93 KEY $A3 GOSUB $B3 GET $C3 VER $84 ACS $94 CSR $A4 RETURN $B4 $C4 LIST $85 ATN $95 TO $A5 IF $B5 $C5 RUN $86 LOG $96 STEP $A6 PRINT $B6 $C6 CLEAR $87 LN $97 THEN $A7 INPUT $B7 $C7 $88 EXP $98 $A8 MODE $B8 $C8 $89 SQR $99 $A9 STOP $B9 $C9 $8A INT $9A $AA END $BA $CA $8B FRAC $9B $AB $BB $CB $8C ABS $9C $AC $BC $CC $8D SGN $9D $AD $BD $CD $8E RND( $9E $AE $BE $CE $8F RAN# $9F $AF $BF $CF The rounding function RND(x,y) isn't documented in the manual, but seems to work. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Internal data representation Each variable (except the string variable $) occupies 8 bytes (i.e. 16 4-bit words) of RAM. Data are stored with least significant word first (i.e. at lower memory address). Special case Value of 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 represents both numerical 0 and an empty string. The VAC command initializes all variables with this value. Both of the following statements write this value to the A or A$ variable. A = 0 A$ = "" String variables A string variable can hold up to 7 characters. First 7 bytes (i.e. 14 4-bit words) hold the character codes. Spare locations are padded with 00. 15-th word is not used and contains 0. The last (16-th) word contains the length of the string (non-zero). This distinguishes the string from the numerical variable, where the last word contains 0. Examples: A$ = "ABMN" 02 12 C2 D2 00 00 00 04 A$ = "1234567" 11 21 31 41 51 61 71 07 Numerical variables Numerical values are stored in packed decimal floating point format. First two 4-bit words contain the exponent in range 00 to 99, the least significant digit first. Third 4-bit word contains signs of the mantissa and the exponent: 0 - mantissa positive, exponent negative 1 - mantissa positive, exponent positive 5 - mantissa negative, exponent negative 6 - mantissa negative, exponent positive Next twelve 4-bit words contain the mantissa in range 1.00000000000 to 9.99999999999, the least significant digit first. The last (16-th) 4-bit word contains 0 to denote the numerical variable (as opposed to the string, where this value is non-zero). Examples: A = 1 00 10 00 00 00 00 00 10 (1.00000000000E00) A = -1 00 60 00 00 00 00 00 10 (-1.00000000000E00) A = 100 20 10 00 00 00 00 00 10 (1.00000000000E02) A = -100 20 60 00 00 00 00 00 10 (-1.00000000000E02) A = PI 00 10 63 56 29 51 41 30 (3.14159265360E00) A = -PI 00 60 63 56 29 51 41 30 (-3.14159265360E00) A = 0.01 89 00 00 00 00 00 00 10 (1.00000000000E-02) A = -0.01 89 50 00 00 00 00 00 10 (-1.00000000000E-02) A = 1/3 99 03 33 33 33 33 33 30 (3.33333333333E-01) A = -1/3 99 53 33 33 33 33 33 30 (-3.33333333333E-01) Special string variable $ The string variable $ can hold up to 30 characters. The string stored in the memory is preceded by string length, and terminated by the $FF end marker. Example: $ = "ABCDEFG" 70 02 12 22 32 42 52 62 FF -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- BASIC program structure BASIC line begins with a line number stored in 2 bytes (four 4-bit words) in packed decimal format, ends with an end marker $FF. BASIC keywords are stored as single byte tokens, numeric values as strings of characters, colons used as statements separators as $FE. Example: 1234 FOR I=1 TO 49 STEP 1: NEXT I 43 21 0A 82 C0 11 59 41 91 69 11 EF 1A 82 FF FOR stack Each time a FOR statement is executed, a FOR control structure described below is pushed on the stack. The stack entry is freed by marking it with an $F when the loop is terminated. Sacrifing a word of the stack entry for a free/occupied marker makes a stack pointer superfluous. The stack will be scanned for the first free/used location instead. 2 words TO value exponent 1 word TO value signs 10 words TO value mantissa 2 words index of the control variable (00 = variable A, 10 = variable B and so on) 1 word F - free entry, 2 - occupied entry 2 words STEP value exponent 1 word STEP value signs 10 words STEP value mantissa 3 words address of the first character after the FOR statement, it's the place where the NEXT iteration loop resumes execution Example: 1234 FOR I=1 TO 49 STEP 1: NEXT I 10 TO value = 4.90000000E01 1 mantissa and exponent positive 0000000094 80 index of the I variable 2 denotes an occupied entry 00 STEP value = 1.0000000E00 1 mantissa and exponent positive 0000000001 662 points to the colon after the STEP 1 statement GOSUB stack Executing a GOSUB statement pushes a 4-word structure described below on the GOSUB stack. RETURN frees the top stack location by marking it with a $F word. The concept doesn't use any stack pointer either, similar to the way the FOR stack is implemented. 3 words address of the first character after the GOSUB statement (the RETURN point) 1 word F - free entry, 3 - occupied entry -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Memory map $0000-$007F 128 words general purpose buffer $0080-$00FF 128 words general purpose buffer $0100-$010F 16 words variable ANS $0110-$011F 16 words RAN# seed, initial value 0.43429448190 $0132-$0133 2 words data sent to the printer $0140-$01BF 128 words FOR stack, holds 4 entries, grows upwards $01C0-$01DF 32 words GOSUB stack, holds 8 entries, grows upwards $01E0-$021F 64 words the special string variable $ $0220-$0E5F 3136 words BASIC programs $0E60-$0E6F 16 words variable Z $0E70-$0E7F 16 words variable Y . . . . . . . . . $0FD0-$0FDF 16 words variable C $0FE0-$0FEF 16 words variable B $0FF0-$0FFF 16 words variable A -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- File format A file consists of a name segment followed by one or more data segments. File name segment A name segment begins with a byte $Dx (file created with SAVE), $Ex (file created with PUT), or $Fx (file created with SAVE A), where x is the file name length (up to 8 characters), or $F for a file without a name. Next 8 bytes contain the file name characters. Last 2 bytes contain the first line number of the BASIC program stored with SAVE. Data segments A data segment begins with a $02 byte, ends with a $F0 byte (when it is the last segment), or a $F1 byte (when more data segments will follow). The count of the data bytes between these pair of characters cannot exceed 63, because the contents of the segment is loaded to the 64-byte buffer at the address $0000. This limit doesn't apply to files saved with SAVE A, and they contain only a single data segment. A BASIC program consists of a list of BASIC lines. When the file was created with SAVE A each program is followed with a $E0 byte. An empty program is stored as $E0 alone. File stored with PUT consists of a list of variables separated by $FF bytes. No variable names are stored. Examples: 1. BASIC Program stored with SAVE "PROG" File name segment: $D4 $2F $31 $2E $26 $07 $FF $10 $FF $10 $00 Data segment: $02 $10 $00 $A0 $28 $0C $11 $95 $11 $10 $FF 10 FOR I=1 TO 9 $20 $00 $A6 $28 $FF 20 PRINT I $30 $00 $A1 $28 $FF 30 NEXT I $F0 2. Variable $ and a numeric variable stored with PUT "*-+" $,A File name segment: $E3 $03 $02 $01 $07 $09 $5D $20 $FF $00 $F8 Data segment: $02 $0D $11 $12 $13 $14 $15 $16 $17 $="1234567890ABC" $18 $19 $10 $20 $21 $22 $FF $00 $01 $00 $00 $00 $00 $00 $00 $00 $01 $00 $00 $00 $00 $00 $00 $FF $00 $01 $36 $65 $92 $15 $14 $03 A=3.14159265360 $F0 3. BASIC Programs stored with SAVE A "*" File name segment: $F1 $03 $07 $FF $00 $00 $00 $00 $07 $00 $68 Data segment: $02 $01 $00 $A6 $FF $E0 P0: 1 PRINT $10 $00 $A2 $11 $10 $FF $E0 P1: 10 GOTO 10 $E0 $E0 $E0 $E0 $E0 $E0 $E0 $E0 $F0 http://www.pisi.com.pl/piotr433/index.htm http://pocket.free.fr/html/casio/pb-100_e.html http://pocket.free.fr/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8080 Computer XIII. The Transistor and Integrated Circuits Transform Computing In 1948, at Bell Telephone Laboratories, American physicists Walter Houser Brattain, John Bardeen, and William Bradford Shockley developed the transistor, a device that can act as an electric switch. The transistor had a tremendous impact on computer design, replacing costly, energy-inefficient, and unreliable vacuum tubes. In the late 1960s integrated circuits (tiny transistors and other electrical components arranged on a single chip of silicon) replaced individual transistors in computers. Integrated circuits resulted from the simultaneous, independent work of Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments and Robert Noyce of the Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation in the late 1950s. As integrated circuits became miniaturized, more components could be designed into a single computer circuit. In the 1970s refinements in integrated circuit technology led to the development of the modern microprocessor, integrated circuits that contained thousands of transistors. Modern microprocessors can contain more than 40 million transistors. Manufacturers used integrated circuit technology to build smaller and cheaper computers. The first of these so-called personal computers (PCs)—the Altair 8800—appeared in 1975, sold by Micro Instrumentation Telemetry Systems (MITS). The Altair used an 8-bit Intel 8080 microprocessor, had 256 bytes of RAM, received input through switches on the front panel, and displayed output on rows of light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Refinements in the PC continued with the inclusion of video displays, better storage devices, and CPUs with more computational abilities. Graphical user interfaces were first designed by the Xerox Corporation, then later used successfully by Apple Computer, Inc.. Today the development of sophisticated operating systems such as Windows, the Mac OS, and Linux enables computer users to run programs and manipulate data in ways that were unimaginable in the mid-20th century. Several researchers claim the “record” for the largest single calculation ever performed. One large single calculation was accomplished by physicists at IBM in 1995. They solved one million trillion mathematical subproblems by continuously running 448 computers for two years. Their analysis demonstrated the existence of a previously hypothetical subatomic particle called a glueball. Japan, Italy, and the United States are collaborating to develop new supercomputers that will run these types of calculations 100 times faster. In 1996 IBM challenged Garry Kasparov, the reigning world chess champion, to a chess match with a supercomputer called Deep Blue. The computer had the ability to compute more than 100 million chess positions per second. In a 1997 rematch Deep Blue defeated Kasparov, becoming the first computer to win a match against a reigning world chess champion with regulation time controls. Many experts predict these types of parallel processing machines will soon surpass human chess playing ability, and some speculate that massive calculating power will one day replace intelligence. Deep Blue serves as a prototype for future computers that will be required to solve complex problems. At issue, however, is whether a computer can be developed with the ability to learn to solve problems on its own, rather than one programmed to solve a specific set of tasks. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- http://www2.asub.arknet.edu/wade/pc-4.htm PC-4 Manual http://www.pisi.com.pl/piotr433/index.htm http://pocket.free.fr/html/casio/pb-100_e.html http://pocket.free.fr/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8080 FOR MICRO-BASIC VERSION 1.3 In June of 1976 the Southwest Technical Products Corp. newsletter contained the source code for several programs. Two were by Robert Uiterwyk, a text editor and a 4k BASIC Interpreter. At the time MITS was selling BASIC (by Micro Soft) for hundreds of dollars. SWTPC was going to try to give away its software. Many people were writing "Tiny BASIC" programs in 1976 and 1977. http://www.mixtel.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/nascgem/nas/software/nastiny.gif TINY BASIC is a subset of Dartmouth BASIC, with a few extensions to adapt it to the microcomputer environment. http://users.telenet.be/kim1-6502/tinybasic/tbum.html#index MINOL-Tiny BASIC with Strings in 1.75K Bytes Note: This is a modified version of the original article about a Tiny BASIC interpreter for the Intel 8080/8085. It was reconstructed with help from Volume 17 of the CP/M User's Group archives. Citation: Mueller, Erik T. (1976, April). MINOL-Tiny BASIC with strings. Dr. Dobb's Journal of Computer Calisthenics and Orthodontia (pp. 9-17). Vol. 1, No. 4. Menlo Park, CA. Dear Mr. Warren: May 1, 1976 I have a Tiny BASIC program running on my Altair that I think you might be interested in. I call it MINOL. It fits in 1.75K memory. Unlike the other Tiny BASIC's, MINOL has a string-handling capability, but only single-byte, integer arithmetic and left-to-right expression evaluation. Additions to TB include CALL machine-language sub- routines, multiple statements on a line (like TBX), and optional "LET" in variable assignments. Memory locations of the form (H,L) can be used interchangably with variables, per- mitting DIM-like operations. Sincerely, Erik T. Mueller MINOL is an abbreviated form of BASIC with additional features. It has twelve statements: LET, PR, IN, GOTO, IF, CALL, END, NEW, RUN, CLEAR, LIST, and OS. Variables: A letter from A to Z, or a memory location of the form (H,L), where H is the high address (decimal), and L is the low address. H and L may be expressions. Number: An integer from 0 to 255. Expression: A series of terms separated by arithmetic operators. Terms: Numbers, variables, schars, random. Schar: A single character enclosed in single quotes. Gives the ASCII value of the character. Random: "!" (exclamation point) gives a random number between 0 and 255. (Subroutine by Jim Parker.) Arithmetic Operators: + - * / Relational Operators (not permitted in expressions): = # < ("less than") Arithmetic Evaluation: All expressions are evaluated from left to right (no precedence of operations). Statements: A statement consists of one or more substatements separated by ":" (colon), and terminated by CR. Lines up to 72 characters. Line numbers from 1 to 254. All statements may be used with or without a line number. Statements without a line number are executed immediately. Statements with line numbers are edited into the existing program. Substatements: [LET | ø] = Assigns the value of a variable. The "LET" can be left out if desired. Ex: LET S = 0 LET (24,0) = P-59 A=B+C*J-198 (25,5)=A*7/B PR [; | ø] : Literals, strings, or expressions separated by commas. Literal: Characters to be printed enclosed in double quotes. Strings: $(H,L): A series of memory locations starting at H,L which contain characters previously entered. Expressions: Simple variable or expression: Ex: PR"YOU SAY YOUR NAME IS",$(10,0) PRA,B,(6,0), PR 56+!/A,B PR A semicolon at the end of a PR suppresses CRLF. A blank PR produces a CRLF. PR Format: Numerical values are printed with one leading and trailing space and with all leading zeros suppressed. All strings and literals are printed without leading and trailing spaces. No zone spacing. GOTO Transfers control to the specified statement. GOTO 0 transfers control to beginning of unnumbered statement. Ex: GOTO A*10 GOTO 78 IF ; Executes the statement following the ";" (semi-colon) if the specified relation is true. If it is untrue, control is transferred to the next statement on the line (if present). Ex: IF X=5; GOTO 20 IF A='Y' ;PR "SURE, WHY NOT?" IF A+B*C # !;GOTO 20 : PRA+B*C IF Y # 6; S=! IN [|] [,[|]]* This statement permits two types of data to be entered from the terminal: a) Numeric data; and b) Alphanumeric data; either a single letter, or a string of n characters. Using a : The input data is tested. If it is numeric, the number is deposited into the variable. If the data is not a number, the ASCII value of the first character typed is deposited. Using a : (of the form $(H, L)) The inputted characters are deposited into memory sequentially starting at location H,L. 255 is placed in memory after the last character before CR. All spaced inputted are ignored unless enclosed by quotes. Note that (H,L) refers to a single location, but $(H,L) refers to a series of locations beginning at H,L. (H,L) can be used in expressions as a variable, but $(H,L) can only be used in I/O statements (IN, PR). CALL (H,L): Calls user subroutine starting at location H,L decimal. END: Terminated program. NEW: Deletes all lines of a program. CLEAR: Sets all variables (A-Z) equal to zero. RUN: Starts execution of program at lowest numbered statement. LIST: Lists program in memory. OS: Transfers control to user's operating system. Line editing and correction: Dear Jim: May 24, 1976 I am enclosing the listing of MINOL-manually typed! There are several features of my program, both positive and negative, that I might point out. On the plus side, MINOL uses only 1.75K of memory, including the input-output subroutines (although since writing it I see how I can make it even smaller.) Memory locations of the form (H,L) can be used similarly to one- or two-dimen- sional DIMs in higher BASIC's. Simple input or output strings are possible by specifying a series of memory locations-of the form $(H,L) where H,L is the first location where characters are to be deposited. I am enclosing three programs to illustrate these features. On the negative side, the program is not designed for arithmetic functions, having no grouping of operations, and being limited to a value of 255. The relational operators are restricted to =, #, and <, although > ("greater than") can be done by reversing the logical expres- sions. Fewer error messages are provided than usual. MINOL is written completely in machine language without using IL. When I can supply MINOL on a cassette I'll let you know. Named versions or implementations of Basic language systems -- Named versions or implementations of Basic language systems
--

  Dartmouth BASIC  (the original)
  ANSI Standard Minimal Basic (specification X3.60-1978)
  ISO Standard Minimal Basic (specification ISO 6373-1984 (E))
  ANSI Standard Full Basic (specification X3.113-1987)
  True Basic
 
  VAX BASIC
  DEC BASIC
  BASIC Plus
 
  MAI Basic Four Business Basic
  Data General Business Basic
  AlphaBasic
  Visual PRO/5 (Basis)
  MicroShare Basic
  ProvideX (Sybex Ltd.)
  OpenBASIC
  SMBasic
  Thoroughbred Basic
  Universal Business Basic
  UniBasic
  THEOS (Business) Basic
  Wang BASIC-2
  KCML (Kerridge Computer Company Ltd.)
 
  HP Basic
  Rocky Mountain Basic (Hewlett Packard)
  BTI Basic (Basic Timesharing)
 
  Palo Alto Tiny BASIC
  VIP Basic (Cosmac ELF 1802)
  Apple I Integer Basic
  Apple Integer Basic - Apple II
  TRS-80 Level-I Basic
  TRS-80 Color Computer Basic (MS)
  Disk Extended Color Computer 3 Basic
  CoCo Extended Color BASIC
  Atari Basic (400/800)
  Commodore PET Basic
  Benton Harbor BASIC (Heathkit)
  Timex Sinclair 1000 (ZX80) Basic
  Sinclair ZX81 Basic
  Sinclair Spectrum Basic
  Sinclair QL Basic
  Acorn Atom Basic
  BBC Basic
  Dragon Basic
  Basic09 (OS-9)
 
  Commodore Basic (VIC-20, C64)
  BASIC v7.0 from Commodore 128
  TI-BASIC (for TI-99/4A)
 
  ST Basic   (AtariST)
  STOS Basic (AtariST)
  dBASIC     (DTACK/Atari)
 
  ALTAIR BASIC (Gates & Allen)
  BASIC (for CP/M)
  BASICA
  GWBASIC (for PCDOS)
  MS BASIC (for non-PC compatible MSDOS)
  GFA Basic (AtariST, Amiga, DOS, MS-Windows)
  QuickBASIC
  QBASIC
  VB/DOS
  Visual Basic
  Visual BASIC for Applications (VBA)
  BasicScript (VBScript)
 
  AppleSoft Basic - Apple II+
  TRS-80 Level-II (MS Basic)
  Level-3 Basic
  Basic cartridge for Exidy Sorcerer
  Macintosh Basic (MS)
  MS QuickBasic for Macintosh
 
  Apple MacBasic (never sold)
  ZBasic
  FutureBasic

  NS Basic ( Apple Newton , WinCE, PalmOS)
  LBasic ( for a 8-bit computer 'Laser') ( Amstrad? )
  Casio Basic ( for Casio 80's digital diary )
  Chipmunk BASIC (for Mac and Unix)
  cbasPad ( for USR PalmPilot )
  HotPaw Basic (PalmOS)
  CrossBasic (Mac)
  SC-Basic (Mac)
  VIP-Basic (Mainstay)
  ACE Basic (Amiga)
  AMOS Basic (Amiga)
  AmigaBasic
 
  Summsoft Basic
  Oracle Power Objects Basic
  Pick/BASIC
  NetBasic

  CBASIC (Digital Research)
  SBASIC (Came with many KAYPRO's)
  Turbo BASIC (Borland?)
 
  Bywater Basic (unix)
  YABasic (unix)
  SmallBasic (linux/PalmOS)
  Dunfield MBasic
  GBasic (DOS)
  qb2c
  dds (obfuscated source interpreter)
  dds (obfuscated source compiler)
  JavaBasic
  Hot Tea Basic (java)
  JBasic - (java)
  COCOA Basic (java)
 
  Moonrock BASIC
  Liberty BASIC
  UBASIC (high precision)
  ASIC
  O'Basic95
  First Basic
  PowerBASIC
  Liberty Basic
 
  XBASIC (Basmark)
  Basic (Intel, 8051)
 
  Array Basic
  M-BASIC    for CP/M ?
  Basic BHT (To read bar codes ?)
  GB Basic (Game Boy)
  Flash Basic
  Enable Basic - a TurboCAD V3.0 script language
  Shepardson Basic
 
  Access Module Basic
  GBASIC
  BasicBasic
  APBasic
 
  BASIC PRO/5
  BASIS BB/x Progression 2,3,4
  Basic11
  BasicX
  BlitzBasic
  DarkBasic
  Envelop BASIC
  GEM Basic
  GS BASIC
  GaBASIC
  Gammasoft BASIC
  MBASIC
  MSX Basic
  NewBasic
  NewBrain BASIC
  Omikron Basic
  OmniBASIC
  PBasic
  Pluto Business BASIC
  PureBasic
  RealBasic
  UltraBasic
  X/TEND Business BASIC for the AS/400
  X11-Basic

  Tiny Pasic  (typo ??)
 
  CARealizer   - (??)
  Force (Half BASIC, mixed with a little C and Pascal)
  UDF - industrial BASIC for control systems (HVAC)

  A BASIC - ??
  Rapid-Q ?
  NIAKWA ?
  UBB, U/BL, B32 (from Data General)
  Kelly's BASIC ?

--- ( list version 0.05e  2001Jun16  http://www.nicholson.com/rhn/basic

INTEL A turning point in the fast-moving history of the IC, the 8080 was the first real general-purpose microprocessor, and a great leap beyond the first and second microprocessors, the Intel 4004 (p. 30) and 8008 (p. 12). (Electrons move three times as fast as holes through silicon.) The switch to electron-doped transistors was an important turning point in IC technology - one that greatly enhanced the performance of almost all ICs.   The 8080, which was designed by Masatoshi Shima, Ted Hoff, Stan Mazor, and Frederico Faggin, quickly became an industry standard, widely emulated - and sometimes plagiarized - by other firms. More than half a dozen companies make the 8080 under "second-source" licenses from Intel. (Second-sourcing is a widespread practice in the semiconductor industry, freeing IC buyers from monopolistic supply situations and bolstering a chip's overall position in the market.)   CPU:HD61913A01 From :  <techsupport.rta@renesas.com> Reply-To :  techsupport.rta@renesas.com Sent :  Friday, June 3, 2005 7:27 AM To :  gdkss@hotmail.com Subject :  TSC Notification: Incident #14226 | | | Inbox Incident Ticket # 14226 has been Closed.             Incident Number : 14226             Open Date: 6/3/2005 7:26:55 AM             Close Date: 6/3/2005 7:27:00 AM             Urgency: SILVER             Expected Resolution Time:             Subject Description: MICON             Incident Description: cpu HD61913A01: can i have any information on this cpu please or where i can go on the internet to research it's use in pocket computers by casio-tandy...and or what ROM basic did they use?             Incident Resolution: I am sorry to say that this is a custom CPU designed for a specific customer. Data sheets, etc are not available for this device as it was never sold as a standard product. Renesas Technology America, Inc. Technical Support Center 1-888-777-0384 techsupport.rta@renesas.com -------------------------------------------------------------------------- Hitachi Semiconductor Now known as Renesas Technology.         FX-700P             Manufacturer Casio (Japan) Type Desktop Production start (mm-yyyy) - 1983 Production end (mm-yyyy) - RAM 2 Kb ROM 12 Kb CPU HD61913A01 - Mhz Operating System Basic Text (Cols x Rows) 1 line of 12 characters The Casio PD-102 specific application computer (reference not confirmed) click on the picture to enlarge   Technical specifications RAM (total) : 2 Kb RAM available : 1,568 bytes ROM : 12 Kb ? CPU : HD61913A01 ? Text screen : 1 line of 12 characters Graphic screen : No Sound : No Size : 165 x 71 x 10 mm Weight : 116 g. with batteries Year : 198? Power : 2 CR-2032 lithium batteries   Pc-4 owners manual The Tandy PC-4 computer (26-3650) click on the picture to enlarge   Technical specifications RAM (total) : 1 Kb RAM available : 544 bytes ROM : 12 Kb CPU : HD61913A01 Text screen : 1 line of 12 characters Graphic screen : No Sound : No Size : 165 x 71 x 10 mm Weight : 116 g. with batteries Year : 1983 Power : 2 CR-2032 lithium batteries       Extensions Memory : 26-3653  1 Kb Printer : 26-3652  Thermal technology Storage : 26-3651  External tape interface   The Casio PB-100 computer click on the picture to enlarge   Technical specifications RAM (total) : 1 / 2 Kb (0 or 1 ramcard of 1 Kb) RAM available : 544 / 1.568 bytes ROM : 12 Kb CPU : HD61913A01 Text screen : 1 line of 12 characters Graphic screen : No Sound : No Size : 165 x 71 x 10 mm Weight : 116 g. with batteries Year : 1983 Power : 2 CR-2032 lithium batteries       Extensions Memory : OR-1    1 Kb     OR-1E  1 Kb Printer : FP-12   Thermal technology     FP-12S Thermal technology     FP-12T Thermal technology     FP-40   Thermal technology (using the SB-42) Storage : FA-3     External tape interface     FA-5     External tape interface (using the SB-2 link)     FP-40    External tape interface (using the SB-42) The Casio FX-5200P computer click on the picture to enlarge   Technical specifications RAM (total) : 1 / 2 Kb (0 or 1 ramcard of 1 Kb) RAM available : 544 / 1.568 bytes ROM : 12 Kb CPU : HD61913A01 Text screen : 1 line of 12 characters Graphic screen : No Sound : No Size : 180 x 140 x 10 mm (opened) Weight : 146 g. with batteries Year : 198? Power : 2 CR-2032 lithium batteries       Extensions Memory : OR-1    1 Kb     OR-1E  1 Kb The Casio FX-710P computer click on the picture to enlarge   Technical specifications RAM (total) : 4 Kb RAM available : 3,616 bytes ROM : 12 Kb ? CPU : HD61913A01 Text screen : 1 line of 12 characters Graphic screen : No Sound : Dual tone beep (high, low) Size : 165 x 71 x 10 mm Weight : 128 g. with batteries Year : 198? Power : 2 CR-2032 lithium batteries The Casio PB-200 computer click on the picture to enlarge   Technical specifications RAM (total) : 2 Kb RAM available : 1,568 bytes ROM : 12 Kb CPU : HD61913A01 Text screen : 1 line of 12 characters Graphic screen : No Sound : No Size : 165 x 71 x 10 mm Weight : 122 g. with batteries Year : 198? Power : 2 CR-2032 lithium batteries The Casio PB-400 computer click on the picture to enlarge   Technical specifications RAM (total) : 2 / 4 Kb (a 2 Kb ramcard is always inclued) RAM available : 1,568 / 3,616 bytes ROM : 12 Kb ? CPU : HD61913A01 Text screen : 1 line of 12 characters Graphic screen : No Sound : Dual tone beep (high, low) Size : 165 x 71 x 10 mm Weight : 128 g. with batteries Year : 198? Power : 2 CR-2032 lithium batteries The Casio PD-101 specific application computer click on the picture to enlarge   Technical specifications RAM (total) : 1 Kb ? RAM available : 544 bytes ? ROM : 12 Kb ? CPU : HD61913A01 ? Text screen : 1 line of 12 characters Graphic screen : No Sound : No Size : 165 x 71 x 10 mm Weight : 116 g. with batteries Year : 198? Power : 2 CR-2032 lithium batteries The Casio Super College II computer click on the picture to enlarge   Technical specifications RAM (total) : 2 Kb RAM available : 1,568 bytes ROM : 12 Kb CPU : HD61913A01 Text screen : 1 line of 12 characters Graphic screen : No Sound : No Size : 165 x 71 x 10 mm Weight : 122 g. with batteries Year : 198? Power : 2 CR-2032 lithium batteries

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Index

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The Casio FP-12 Thermal Printer

• User's Manual (415kB)
• Circuit diagram
• Sanyo LB1256 driver IC data sheet
• Photograph of the PCB (component side)
• Photograph of the PCB (foil side)
• Photograph of the printing mechanism (bottom view)
• Photograph of the printing mechanism (top view)
• Sample printout - character codes $00 to $7F